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重温毛主席的《论持久战》上 (Military)
Posted 11 years ago by
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一、伟大抗日战争的一周年纪念,七月七日,快要到了。全民族的力量团结起来,坚持抗战,坚持统一战线,同敌人作英勇的战争,快一年了。这个战争,在东方历史上是空前的,在世界历史上也将是伟大的,全世界人民都关心这个战争。身受战争灾难、为着自己民族的生存而奋斗的每一个中国人,无日不在渴望战争的胜利。然而战争的过程究竟会要怎么样?能胜利还是不能胜利?能速胜还是不能速胜?很多人都说持久战,但是为什么是持久战?怎样进行持久战?很多人都说最后胜利,但是为什么会有最后胜利?怎样争取最后胜利?这些问题,不是每个人都解决了的,甚至是大多数人至今没有解决的。于是失败主义的亡国论者跑出来向人们说:中国会亡,最后胜利不是中国的。某些性急的朋友们也跑出来向人们说:中国很快就能战胜,无需乎费大气力。这些议论究竟对不对呢?我们一向都说:这些议论是不对的。可是我们说的,还没有为大多数人所了解。一半因为我们的宣传解释工作还不够,一半也因为客观事变的发展还没有完全暴露其固有的性质,还没有将其面貌鲜明地摆在人们之前,使人们无从看出其整个的趋势和前途,因而无从决定自己的整套的方针和做法。现在好了,抗战十个月的经验,尽够击破毫无根据的亡国论,也尽够说服急性朋友们的速胜论了。在这种情形下,很多人要求做个总结性的解释。尤其是对持久战,有亡国论和速胜论的反对意见,也有空洞无物的了解。“卢沟桥事变⑴以来,四万万人一齐努力,最后胜利是中国的。”这样一种公式,在广大的人们中流行着。这个公式是对的,但有加以充实的必要。抗日战争和统一战线之所以能够坚持,是由于许多的因素:全国党派,从共产党到国民党;全国人民,从工人农民到资产阶级;全国军队,从主力军到游击队;国际方面,从社会主义国家到各国爱好正义的人民;敌国方面,从某些国内反战的人民到前线反战的兵士。总而言之,所有这些因素,在我们的抗战中都尽了他们各种程度的努力。每一个有良心的人,都应向他们表示敬意。我们共产党人,同其他抗战党派和全国人民一道,唯一的方向,是努力团结一切力量,战胜万恶的日寇。今年七月一日,是中国共产党建立的十七周年纪念日。为了使每个共产党员在抗日战争中能够尽其更好和更大的努力,也有着重地研究持久战的必要。因此,我的讲演就来研究持久战。和持久战这个题目有关的问题,我都准备说到;但是不能一切都说到,因为一切的东西,不是在一个讲演中完全说得了的。

二、抗战十个月以来,一切经验都证明下述两种观点的不对:一种是中国必亡论,一种是中国速胜论。前者产生妥协倾向,后者产生轻敌倾向。他们看问题的方法都是主观的和片面的,一句话,非科学的。

三、抗战以前,存在着许多亡国论的议论。例如说:“中国武器不如人,战必败。”“如果抗战,必会作阿比西尼亚⑵。”抗战以后,公开的亡国论没有了,但暗地是有的,而且很多。例如妥协的空气时起时伏,主张妥协者的根据就是“再战必亡”⑶。有个学生从湖南写信来说:“在乡下一切都感到困难。单独一个人作宣传工作,只好随时随地找人谈话。对象都不是无知无识的愚民,他们多少也懂得一点,他们对我的谈话很有兴趣。可是碰了我那几位亲戚,他们总说:‘中国打不胜,会亡。’讨厌极了。好在他们还不去宣传,不然真糟。农民对他们的信仰当然要大些啊!”这类中国必亡论者,是妥协倾向的社会基础。这类人中国各地都有,因此,抗日阵线中随时可能发生的妥协问题,恐怕终战争之局也不会消灭的。当此徐州失守武汉紧张的时候,给这种亡国论痛驳一驳,我想不是无益的。

四、抗战十个月以来,各种表现急性病的意见也发生了。例如在抗战初起时,许多人有一种毫无根据的乐观倾向,他们把日本估计过低,甚至以为日本不能打到山西。有些人轻视抗日战争中游击战争的战略地位,他们对于“在全体上,运动战是主要的,游击战是辅助的;在部分上,游击战是主要的,运动战是辅助的”这个提法,表示怀疑。他们不赞成八路军这样的战略方针:“基本的是游击战,但不放松有利条件下的运动战。”认为这是“机械的”观点⑷。上海战争时,有些人说:“只要打三个月,国际局势一定变化,苏联一定出兵,战争就可解决。”把抗战的前途主要地寄托在外国援助上面⑸。台儿庄胜利⑹之后,有些人主张徐州战役⑺应是“准决战”,说过去的持久战方针应该改变。说什么“这一战,就是敌人的最后挣扎”,“我们胜了,日阀就在精神上失了立场,只有静候末日审判”⑻。平型关一个胜仗,冲昏了一些人的头脑;台儿庄再一个胜仗,冲昏了更多的人的头脑。于是敌人是否进攻武汉,成为疑问了。许多人以为:“不一定”;许多人以为:“断不会”。这样的疑问可以牵涉到一切重大的问题。例如说:抗日力量是否够了呢?回答可以是肯定的,因为现在的力量已使敌人不能再进攻,还要增加力量干什么呢?例如说:巩固和扩大抗日民族统一战线的口号是否依然正确呢?回答可以是否定的,因为统一战线的现时状态已够打退敌人,还要什么巩固和扩大呢?例如说:国际外交和国际宣传工作是否还应该加紧呢?回答也可以是否定的。例如说:改革军队制度,改革政治制度,发展民众运动,厉行国防教育,镇压汉奸托派⑼,发展军事工业,改良人民生活,是否应该认真去做呢?例如说:保卫武汉、保卫广州、保卫西北和猛烈发展敌后游击战争的口号,是否依然正确呢?回答都可以是否定的。甚至某些人在战争形势稍为好转的时候,就准备在国共两党之间加紧磨擦一下,把对外的眼光转到对内。这种情况,差不多每一个较大的胜仗之后,或敌人进攻暂时停顿之时,都要发生。所有上述一切,我们叫它做政治上军事上的近视眼。这些话,讲起来好像有道理,实际上是毫无根据、似是而非的空谈。扫除这些空谈,对于进行胜利的抗日战争,应该是有好处的。

五、于是问题是:中国会亡吗?答复:不会亡,最后胜利是中国的。中国能够速胜吗?答复:不能速胜,抗日战争是持久战。

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