Article
“议会”，英文Parliament，来自法文的Parlement，是“讨论”的意思。
美国人崇尚自由，但美国人对待开会却是严肃认真的，美国人是会少规矩多。说到开会的规矩，世界上恐怕没有人比得上美国人的规矩大了。他们有一本厚厚的开会规则——《罗伯特议事规则》（Robert's Rules of Order）。这在世界上是独一无二的。这部由亨利·马丁·罗伯特撰写的《议事规则袖珍手册》（Pocket Manual of Rules of Order）于1876年出版，几经修改后于2000年出了第十版。
有一些细节规则后面的逻辑原则是十分有意思的。比如，有关动议、附议、反对和表决的一些规则是为了避免争执。原则上，现在在美国的国会、法院和大大小小的会议上，在规范的制约下，是不允许争执的。如果一个人对某动议有不同意见，怎么办呢？他首先必须想到的是，按照规则是不是还有他的发言时间以及是什么时候。其次，当他表达自己的不同意见时，要向会议主持者说话，而不能向意见不同的对手说话。在不同意见的对手之间的你来我往的对话，是规则所禁止的。
在国会辩论的时候就是这样。说是辩论，不同意见的议员在规定的时间里，名义上是在向主持的议长或委员会主席说话，而不能向自己的对手"叫板"。自己发言的时候拖堂延时，或者强行要求发言，或者在别人发言的时候插嘴打断，都是不允许的。
在美国的法庭上也是这样，当事双方的律师是不能直接对话的，因为一对话必吵无疑，法庭就会变成吵架的场所。规则规定，律师只能和法官对话，向陪审团呈示证据；而陪审团按照规则自始至终是"哑巴"。不同观点和不同利益之间的针锋相对，就是这样在规则的约束下，间接地实现的。
像议事规则这样的技术细节，对于美国这样的多元化而又强调个人自由、人人平等的国家是非常重要的，是民主得以实现的必要条件。否则的话，如果发生分歧就互不相让，各持己见，争吵得不亦乐乎，很可能永远达不成统一的决议，什么事也办不成。即使能够得出可行的结果，效率也将十分低下。罗伯特议事规则，就像一部设计良好的机器一样，能够有条不紊地让各种意见得以表达，用规则来压制各自内心私利的膨胀冲动，求同存异，然后按照规则表决。这种规则及所设计的操作程序，既保障了民主，也保障了效率。
罗伯特议事规则是在洞彻人性的基础上，经过精心琢磨而设计的。正是这种对细节把握得精致完美的规则，才最大化地实现了公平与效率。
所以，任何一个真正成熟的管理，无论是社会管理，还是经济管理，必然是靠在对细节精确把握的基础上制定的规则来运行的。管理离开不开规则和标准，而规则和标准正是精致的完美表现。
我们说有规则是最重要的，并不是说规则是什么并不重要。我们不能规定什么样的规则是最好的，是绝对正确的，但是我们一定知道我们想追求什么样的原则，什么样的精神，这些原则和精神正是议事规则的精华和意义所在。
根本原则
平衡：保护各种人和人群的权利，包括意见占多数的人，也包括意见占少数的人，甚至是每一个人，即使那些没有出席会议的人，从而最终做到保护所有这些人组成的整体的权利。正是几百年来，人们对这种平衡的不懈追求，才换来了议事规则今天的发展。
对领袖权力的制约：集体的全体成员按照自己的意愿选出领袖，并将一部分权力交给领袖，但是同时，集体必须保留一部分权力，使自己仍旧能够直接控制自己的事务，避免领袖的权力过大，避免领袖将自己的意志强加在集体的头上。
多数原则：多数人的意志将成为总体的意志。
辩论原则：所有决定必须是在经过了充分而且自由的辩论协商之后才能做出。每个人都有权利通过辩论说服其他人接受自己的意志，甚至一直到这个意志变成总体的意志。
集体的意志自由：在最大程度上保护集体自身，在最大程度上保护和平衡集体成员的权利，然后，依照自己的意愿自由行事。
具体原则：
1689年英国议会出现了一本手册叫做《议会》（Lex Parliamentaria），罗列了三十五部当时的议学著，已经开始呈现我们今天的很多原则和规则的端倪。比如：
同时只能有一个议题：一旦一个提议被提出来以后，它就是当前唯一可以讨论的议题，必须先把它解决了，或者经表决同意把它先搁置了，然后才能提下一个提议。
意见相左的双方应轮流得到发言权：辩论的时候有人请求发言，主席应该先问他持的是哪一方的观点，如果其观点与上一位发言人相反，那么他有优先权（比如有若干人同时要求发言）。
主席必须请反方表决：必须进行正、反两方分别的表决，缺一不可。不可以正方表决后，发现已经达到表决额度的要求，就认为没有必要再请反对方表决。
反对人身攻击：必须制止脱离议题本身的人身攻击。禁止辱骂或讥讽的语言。
辩论必须围绕当前待决议题：如果发言人的言论显得与议题无关，而且其他与会成员已表现出了对此的反感（如嘘声），发言人的发言应该得到制止。
拆分议题：如果一个待决议题可以被分成若干小的议题，而且与会成员倾向于就其中小的问题分别讨论，可以提议将议题拆分。例如，将一个选举两个骑士的议题拆分成两个议题分别表决。
改变一个既成决议比通过一个新决议需要更大的努力。这是为了避免由于类似出席人数的变化这样的因素所可能导致的组织决策的不稳定。
一事不再议：在一届会议期间，一旦会议对某一议题做出了决定，同一个议题，或者本质上的同一个议题，不能再次讨论，除非发生了特殊情况。
如果对某个议题做了暂时性的处理（disposed of），并没有形成最终决定，那么不可以引入任何一旦通过就会干扰到会议再对原议题讨论时的立场的提议，无论新提议对原提议有正面还是负面的影响。
Previous article:
[每日趣闻]13.11.24 (11 years ago)
Next article:
每日新闻 2013 12 09 (11 years ago)
About the game:
USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!
In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.
Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.
Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.
In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.
Become an influential politician.
The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.
You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.
The international war.
The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).
At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.
E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.
Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.
Take part in numerous events for the E-Sim community.
