Esim - 獨秀社 『人類大腦的十大未解之謎』 一號刊
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jian0225


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獨秀社 『人類大腦的十大未解之謎』 一號刊 (Event related)
Posted 10 years ago by
jian0225    
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1、做夢
如果你去問十個人同一個問題--是什麼引起做夢,你很有可能會得到
十種不同的回答。這是因為目前科學家們仍在解讀這一謎團。一種可
能性是:做夢過程中通過刺激大腦分子間的資訊神經鍵對大腦進行鍛
鍊。
另一種理論是,人們會夢到他們在白天沒有關注到的任務和情感,
而做夢這一過程可以幫助人們強化思想和記憶。一般來說,科學家認
為,做夢發生於人們淺睡的時候,他們稱之為快速動眼睡眠(REM)。


2、睡眠
果蠅要睡覺,老虎也要睡覺,人類似乎永遠也睡不夠。現在是在討論
睡眠的話題,人生四分之一的時間會用在睡覺上。然而,睡眠的根本
原因仍然跟做夢一樣,是一個謎。但科學家們可以確定的一件事是:
對哺乳動物的生存來說,睡眠是很重要的。長期的失眠會導致精神恍
惚、幻覺,並最終引發死亡。兩種睡眠狀態:一種是非快速眼運動睡
眠(NREM),此時大腦的代謝活動放慢;一種是快速眼運動睡眠(REM)
,此時大腦的活動很活躍。一些科學家認為非快速眼運動睡眠可以讓
人的身體得到很好的休息,保存精力,就像動物冬眠一樣。快速眼運
動睡眠有助於把記憶的東西組織起來。然而,這一觀點並沒有得到證
實,而且在快速眼運動睡眠期間做的夢並不總是與記憶有關。


3、幻覺
據估計,大約80%的做過截肢手術的人會感受到一種來自被截去的肢
體的包括熱情、渴望、壓力和疼痛等感覺,經歷這種現象(即“幻覺
肢體&rdquo的人總是感覺到被截掉的肢體仍然存在。一種解釋是,截肢
部位的神經區與脊髓建立了新的聯繫,並繼續向大腦發送信號,造成
截肢部位仍然存在的假像。另一種可能是,大腦是一條傳輸“硬線”
,認為已經截肢過的身體仍是完整無缺的,也就是說,大腦仍然保存
著肢體健全時的操縱藍本。


4、任務控制
大腦丘腦下部的下丘腦視交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus)或生物
鐘保持身體隨著24小時的週期運轉。生理週期引起的一個最明顯的結
果是:睡眠-醒來週期,但是生物鐘還影響著消化、體溫、血壓和激素
的產生。研究人員發現,通過增強光亮調節褪黑激素可以往前或是往
後調整生物鐘。最近的爭論是,是否可以通過補充褪黑激素來幫助人
們預防時差反應--昏昏欲睡和飛機通過時區時產生的頭痛感。


5、記憶
有些記憶是難以忘記的,就像你的初吻。但是一個人是如何保有這些
私人情景的呢?利用大腦成像技術,科學家發現了有關產生和存儲記
憶的機制。他們發現大腦灰質內部的的海馬體就像是一個記憶存儲盒
,但是它的分辨能力不是很好。對相同的大腦區域的刺激,可以讓它
產生真實的和虛假的記憶。為了找出真實的記憶,一些研究人員提出
根據背景回憶以加強記憶的方法,如果某些事情沒有真正發生過,就
很難通過這種方法加強人腦對它的記憶。


6、取悅大腦
笑是人類最不好理解的行為之一。科學家發現,人在笑的時候,大腦
內有三個部位會變的活躍起來:管轄思維的區域,它可以獲取笑料;
運動區域,它會促使肌肉運動;情感區域,它會引出“輕佻”的感覺
,讓人露出笑容。
但是我們不清楚,為什麼某人會因為兄弟愚蠢的笑話而發笑,而另一
些人會在看恐怖影片時咯咯大笑。約翰-莫利爾是威廉與瑪莉學院幽
默研究的先驅,他發現,笑是對違反常規的不協調的故事的一個十分
有趣的反映,從事幽默研究的其他學者指出,笑是向他人發出的一種
信號,表明某一行為是可笑的。從而可以看出:笑讓我們感覺更好。


7、先天與後天
長期存在這樣一種爭論,就是思想和個性是受基因控制的還是受環境
控制的。科學家們正在建立一個令人信服的證據,證明它可能是受其
中之一控制或者是由兩方面同時控制。研究引起許多人類特點的基因
是一件不容易的事,然而在一些領域,研究個體基因的能力顯示出我
們對很多人類特性無法控制,然而在很多領域,同輩人面對的壓力或
接受的教育會對我們是什麼樣的人以及我們將做什麼產生深遠影響。


8、死亡之謎
長命百歲只發生在好萊塢的電影裏。但是人類為什麼會變老?人剛出
生時像一個精力充沛的工具箱,體內充滿各種抵抗疾病和修復創傷的
機制,也許人們會認為,僅憑這些就能抵抗關節僵硬和其他疾病。但
是隨著年齡的增長,人體的修復機制就會慢慢失去原有的功效,結果
,人體恢復創傷和壓力的能力正隨著年齡的增加不斷下降。有關人類
為什麼會變老的理論可以分為兩類:1)像其他的人類特性一樣,變老
可能是人類遺傳學的一部分,在某種程度上是有益的;2)從最不樂觀
的角度來看,變老不是有意圖,是人體細胞受損引起人體老化。然而
,一些研究人員認為科學最終將可以延緩衰老速度,使人類壽命至少
可以達到預期生命期限的兩倍。


9、人體冷凍
長命百歲是不現實的。但是一個被稱作人體冷凍學的新領域將會讓某
些人擁有兩次生命。人體冷凍學中心如亞利桑那州的"阿爾科生命延
工基金會"( Alcor Life Extension Foundation),在充滿液態氮並
且溫度為華氏零下320度(78絕對溫度)的刺骨的容器中儲藏死者的遺
體。這個想法的目的是,死於目前無法治愈的疾病的人在將來發現治
愈方法後可以通過解凍讓他們死而復生。最近,棒球傳奇人物泰德-
威廉姆斯被儲存在阿爾科的一個冷藏櫃中。像其他人體"冰棒"一樣,
威廉姆斯被頭朝下放置。這種放置方式的好處是,如果容器發生泄漏
,大腦仍能保存在冰冷的液態裏。到目前為止還沒有一具被保存的屍
體重獲新生,這是因為這種讓人重獲新生的技術還不存在。舉例來說
,如果屍體沒在適宜的溫度下解凍,人體細胞就會結冰,導致受損破
碎。


10、意識
清晨醒來,你可能會意識到太陽剛剛升起,聽到一些鳥兒在嘰嘰喳喳
,甚至會感受到清新的空氣迎面撲來,你會感到一種幸福感。換句話
說,你是有意識的。這個複雜的話題從一開始就困擾著科學界。只是
最近,神經學家才把意識作為一門現實的研究課題。在這一領域的最
大的難題是解釋大腦產生主觀經驗的過程。


原文網址: 人類大腦的十大未解之謎 http://i-kuso.com/article/a136640.html

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