Esim - 剋裏米亞為何要加入俄羅斯 歷史上本是壹家
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utepianvic


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剋裏米亞為何要加入俄羅斯 歷史上本是壹家 (Event related)
Posted 10 years ago by
utepianvic    
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统计现在不定期更新 作业好多好多唔!!所以发点其他玩玩。。不要退订呐


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烏克蘭這幾天一直是輿論關注的焦點。這個前蘇聯第三大加盟共和國正在經歷著一場激烈的社會變革。而俄羅斯的出兵無意更使得烏克蘭的局勢變得前景不明。雖然美國總統奧巴馬發表聲明警告俄羅斯不要武力幹涉,否則後果自負,但俄羅斯已經全面控制了克裏米亞。克裏米亞是個什麼地方?俄羅斯為何選擇出兵這裏?這要從克裏米亞的地理和歷史說起。



沙皇尼古拉一世

克裏米亞戰爭是世界史上第一次現代化戰爭,在軍事史上具有重要意義。新式線膛步槍、蒸汽動力戰艦、鐵路、無線電通訊等科技發明在戰爭中扮演了重要角色。英法聯軍的長官利用無線電從千裏之外指揮前線作戰,這是人類戰爭史上的第一次。軍事後勤體係發展為一個獨立部門,工程保障、戰地醫療、後勤運輸能力得到極大提高。現代戰爭或者戰鬥中官兵們統一對表確定時間,就是在法軍進攻馬拉科夫要塞中第一次採用的。

戰爭的失敗直接導致了俄國此後的農奴制改革。而遠在大洋彼岸本來和此事無關的美國人則意外撈到了一筆好處。因為擔心緊挨著英屬殖民地加拿大的阿拉斯加被英國人趁機佔領,抱著與其白白丟失,不如賣了換錢,同時也讓美國制約英國的考慮,沙俄非常急切地希望能將阿拉斯加賣給美國。阿拉斯加和美國本土之間隔著一個加拿大,美國本來並沒有染指阿拉斯加的意圖,現在來了一個上門買賣,不要白不要。1867年10月,阿拉斯加正式成為美國領土。美國為此付出的代價,僅僅是740萬美金。這真是史上最便宜的一次領土交易。

再回到克裏米亞。並入沙俄版圖後,克裏米亞成為了俄羅斯聯邦的一員。二戰後期,斯大林以克裏米亞半島韃靼人與德國合作為由,將大量居民流放中亞,大多數人慘死異鄉。1945年2月,出于重新分配戰後世界格局和敦促蘇聯對日作戰的考慮,美蘇英三國首腦在克裏米亞的海濱度假勝地雅爾塔舉行了一次秘密會晤,簽訂了著名的《雅爾塔協定》。美英背著中國做出了大量損害中國權益以換取蘇聯對日宣戰的承諾。


雅爾塔三巨頭:丘吉爾、羅斯福、斯大林

戰後的1954年,為慶祝烏克蘭的哥薩克人鮑格丹‧赫梅爾尼茨基俄羅斯“結盟”300周年,赫魯曉夫大筆一揮,將原屬于俄羅斯的克裏米亞劃給了烏克蘭。這就是現在克裏米亞屬于烏克蘭領土的起源。雖然劃歸了烏克蘭,但是因為長期屬于俄羅斯領土,克裏米亞人民的俄羅斯情結與俄羅斯的克裏米亞情結一樣,都是根深蒂固的。劃歸烏克蘭後,雖然官方語言規定是烏克蘭語,但實際上克裏米亞人民的日常語言依然是俄語。1991年,借蘇聯解體之機,本來就是身在曹營心在漢的克裏米亞差點鬧了獨立,最後在烏克蘭與俄羅斯的協商中,以自治共和國的身份留在了烏克蘭版圖內。

由于歷史上和俄羅斯千絲萬縷的聯係,加之黑海艦隊的存在,克裏米亞隨時都可能成為俄烏兩國的火藥桶。烏克蘭地處俄羅斯與歐洲大陸的緩衝地帶。烏克蘭向俄羅斯傾斜得多一點,克裏米亞基本上就平安無事;烏克蘭向北約傾斜多一點,克裏米亞就有可能成為導火索。此次烏克蘭事件中,俄羅斯一直密切關注著局勢的發展。政局的變動無疑將影響烏克蘭日後的外交走向。無論是從趁亂收回克裏米亞,一勞永逸解決黑海艦隊駐地問題,還是借口克裏米亞問題出兵以影響烏克蘭政局走向,普京都必然會在合適的時機把克裏米亞問題挑起來。今天的消息是,克裏米亞議會已經同意回歸俄羅斯。可想而知,在接下來的可能的克裏米亞全民公投中,結果依然如此。

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