Esim - 【转帖】俄罗斯国徽双头鹰的秘密
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【转帖】俄罗斯国徽双头鹰的秘密 (Fun)
Posted 10 years ago by
huoxuan    
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◆解读俄国

  俄罗斯一直是中国的重要参照,其历史、文化丰厚而迷人。今年起,著名学者、翻译家、中国社科院外文所研究员刘文飞先生将为本版撰写专栏,兼谈学术观点和历史花絮,分析俄国文化的多元构成和内在矛盾。本篇为开栏之作,透过俄罗斯国徽上双头鹰图案的演变,我们可以看到俄罗斯国家、民族和文化建构的历史。

■双头鹰图案由拜占庭引进,这一“定论”遭到许多质疑

  很多人都知道,俄国国徽由一个双头鹰图案构成。关于这只双头鹰的来历,有这样一个流传很广、几乎成了定论的说法:莫斯科大公伊凡三世迎娶拜占庭最后一位皇帝康斯坦丁十一世的侄女索菲娅·巴列奥略为妻,同时从拜占庭“引进”了双头鹰图案,以此象征俄罗斯对拜占庭的继承权。

  但如今,这个“定论”却遭到了越来越多的质疑,俄国拜占庭学者尼古拉·利哈乔夫发现,拜占庭并无一个贯穿始终的作为国家象征的徽章,各个皇帝所采用的徽章都不尽相同,而且其中也都没有出现过双头鹰图案。还有一种意见为,伊凡三世是在1472年娶索菲娅的,而在1497年伊凡三世颁布的一份文件的印章上才首次出现双头鹰图案,这中间长达25年的间隔是难以解释的。但无论如何,伊凡三世国玺上这个徽章还是被俄国历史学家卡拉姆津认定为俄国国徽的正宗源头。

■双头鹰是中世纪伊斯兰文化中的常见图案,后被欧洲人带回西方

  如果说,双头鹰并非“一件来自拜占庭的礼物”,那么,它究竟是从何处“飞落”俄罗斯的呢?一种较具历史逻辑性的解释是这样的:考古发现,最早的双头鹰图案约在公元前3千纪至公元前2千纪出现在小亚细亚苏美尔人和赫梯人的文明中,后被塞尔柱人所继承,中世纪成为伊斯兰文化中一个很常见的图案。

  十字军东征后,欧洲人把这个图案带回西方,并渐渐将这个同时具有图腾意义和世俗装饰性质的符号转化成了权力的象征。自13世纪起,双头鹰的图案开始出现在西欧许多国家的钱币和印章上,与古罗马时期就已经有的单头鹰图案并存。14世纪,俄国南部的保加利亚和塞尔维亚皇帝都曾采用过这一图案,考虑到当时莫斯科公国与南部斯拉夫国家紧密的政治和文化联系,人们倾向于认为,俄国是从南方引进这一符号的。

■伊凡三世用双头鹰向欧洲宣告,自己是罗马皇帝奥古斯都的正宗后代

  伊凡三世没有采用单头鹰而选择了双头鹰,其实是有着内在的心理动机的:罗马皇帝用双头鹰,罗马帝国的诸王国则用单头鹰,踌躇满志的莫斯科大公自然要采用最高等级的符号,就像他根据“恺撒”(кесарь)一词而将自己命名为“沙皇”(царь)一样,就像称莫斯科是继罗马和君士坦丁堡之后的“第三罗马”的理论总能赢得俄国帝王的欢心一样,就像俄国东正教名称中那个标榜自己宗教来源之正宗的那个“正”字一样,其中其实都包含着俄国君主欲独霸欧洲东部、与整个拉丁化的西方相对峙的雄心或曰野心。换言之,伊凡三世的双头鹰图案应该是从罗马帝国那里“模仿”来的,伊凡三世试图用这个符号来向整个欧洲宣称,自己是罗马皇帝奥古斯都的正宗后代。

  在谈到俄国国徽为双头鹰时,很多人都忽略了这只双头鹰胸部的另一个盾形图案:一个骑在马上、手持长矛刺向毒龙的武士。据说,这个图案倒是来自拜占庭的,后被用作莫斯科公国的象征,图案上的骑士是圣乔治。如今,这个图案依然是莫斯科的市徽,只不过其中的骑士被解释为莫斯科城的奠基者尤里·多尔戈鲁基。这两个形象之间还是有着某种联系的,因为圣乔治曾为多尔戈鲁基的保护神。曾身为莫斯科大公的伊凡三世在为“全罗斯”制定国家符号时,加入了这一具有“地域特征”的图案,也是在彰显莫斯科公国的地位和实力。

■历代俄国君主继承了双头鹰加骑士的图案,并不时有所“添加”

  在伊凡三世之后,历代俄国君主大多继承了双头鹰加骑士的国徽图案,不过也不时有所“添加”:从17世纪开始,双头鹰左右两个鹰爪上分别加上了象征君主权力的权杖和象征国家统一的金球;1625年,在米哈伊尔·费多罗维奇当政期间,戴有皇冠的两个鹰首上方又被加上一顶皇冠;1667年,在阿列克谢·米哈伊洛维奇当政期间,又专门颁文解释国徽,称三个皇冠分别代表喀山、阿斯特拉罕和西伯利亚三个王国;彼得一世当政时,将国徽的颜色正式定为金色背景下的黑色双头鹰;亚历山大二世和三世当政时,都曾进行过“徽章改革”,提出了大、中、小等不同的国徽图案,图案设计也更加复杂、规范了。二月革命后的俄国临时政府在废止了绝大部分皇家符号的同时,却保留了双头鹰国徽,只去掉了其中的骑士图案;整个苏维埃时期,双头鹰国徽被彻底废止;苏联解体之后,俄联邦总统于 1993年11月30日发布总统令,宣布恢复使用帝国时期的双头鹰国徽,但关于国徽的争论却一直在持续,直到2000年12月25日,才由国家杜马通过的《俄罗斯联邦国徽法》正式确立了如今这个国徽图案。

■双头鹰是俄罗斯国家构成、俄罗斯民族分裂性格的绝佳象征物

  双头鹰的图案,如今常常被人解释为俄罗斯欧亚两部分合而为一的象征。伊凡三世在采用这一图案时,未必有这样一种清醒、自觉的意识,但随着俄罗斯国家的不断扩张,随着俄罗斯文化中不同因素的不断冲突,随着人们对俄罗斯民族特性之认识的不断深化,双头鹰的确渐渐地成了俄罗斯国家复杂构成或俄罗斯民族分裂性格的绝佳象征物。

  19世纪,赫尔岑在《往事与随想》中谈到斯拉夫派和西方派的关系时曾说过这样一段名言:“是的,我们是对立的,但这种对立与众不同。我们有着同样的爱,只是方式不一……我们就像伊阿诺斯或双头鹰,看着不同的方向,但跳动的心脏却是同一个。”伊阿诺斯是罗马神话中的门神,两副面孔一个望向过去,一个朝着未来。而俄国国徽上的双头鹰,却左顾右盼,或者说,一个脑袋看着东方,另一个脑袋看着西方。赫尔岑这段话不仅形象地概括了两个派别当时的对峙态势,同时也给出了关于俄国文化结构的一个整体模型。

  双头鹰在15世纪末被伊凡三世选作国玺图案,或许是一种偶然,但是,它作为国徽的中心构成被世世代代的俄国君主所继承、所加工,这一史实却表明,这一图案或许就是俄罗斯国家、民族和文化的一个意味深长的最佳识别符号。

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