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Kofeín môže limitovať poškodenie spôsobené chronickým stresom.
Počas obdobia chronického stresu, konzumujeme údajne viac kofeínu než obyčajne. Efekt z kofeínu je väčší, než by ste očakávali. Zvýšenie jeho príjmu môže znížiť niektoré z negatívnych účinkov dlhodobého stresu, vrátane depresií či zhoršenia pamäti. V novej štúdii publikovanej v PNAS, výskumníci skúmali signalizačné siete a prišli k záveru, že kofeín ovplyvňuje vnútro mozgu. Jeden z proteínov, ktoré identifikovali, môže byť kľúčovým pre liečbu symptómov dlhodobého stresu.
Chronický stres nepredvídateľne mení nervové obvody v hipokampuse. Tlmí náladu, znižuje výkon pamäte a zvyšuje náchylnosť jedinca k depresii. Vedci študovali tento fenomén u myší tým, že ich vystavili presne takému stresu, ako je popísaný vyššie (chronický, nepredvídateľný a dlhodobý stres) v rôznych formách: klietka proti preklopeniu, vlhké piliny, zvuky dravcov, umiestnenie v prázdnej klietke, výmena klietok, či inverzie dňa a noci (teda zmena svetelných cyklov). Rovnako ako u ľudí, aj myši vykazovali stratu telesnej hmotnosti a zhoršenie pamäti. U myší sa tiež objavila bezradnosť.
Potom čo prežili rôzne fyzické, resp. duševné zážitky spôsobujúce chronický stres, bola myšiam podaná voda s obsahom kofeínu. Okamžite došlo k zníženiu príznakov depresie, okrem toho sa zlepšila pamäť. Stav pamäte sa skúmal pomocou bludiska či posúvaním objektov v priestore.
Kofeín pôsobí na bielkoviny (proteíny) zvané adenozín – receptory, ktoré sú umestnené v mozgu. Vedci skúmali zmeny v adenozíne A1 a adenozíne A2a receptora po vystavení chronického stresu.
Bolo zistené, že chemická látka, ktorá selektívne zablokovala A2a, napodobnila ochranný účinok kofeínu u vystresovaných myší. Liečba bola účinná okamžite potom, čo chronický stres skončil, účinok bol zároveň merateľný ešte niekoľko týždňov neskôr. Dospelo sa k záveru, že takáto látka môže mať terapeutickú hodnotu, aj keď nebola počas alebo bezprostredne po strese podaná. Pri genetický navrhnutých myšiach – teda tých, ktoré nemali A2a bola ochrana proti stresu vysoko efektívna. Genová terapia, ale nie je taká jednoduchá a môže mať aj vedľajšie účinky.
Z toho je ale možné vyvodiť, že A2a môže hrať veľmi dôležitú úlohu spojenú s chronickým stresom, dokonca by tieto proteíny mohli byť spojené s náhlymi zmenami nálad.
Zdroj: arstechnica
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USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!
In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.
Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.
Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.
In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.
Become an influential politician.
The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.
You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.
The international war.
The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).
At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.
E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.
Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.
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