Esim - 馬斯洛人類需求五層次理論
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馬斯洛人類需求五層次理論 (Political)
Posted 6 years ago by
bad apple    
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(一)生理需求生理需求(Physiological needs),也稱級別最低、最具優勢的需求,如:食物、水、空氣、性慾、健康。

• 未滿足生理需求的特徵:什麼都不想,只想讓自己活下去,思考能力、道德觀明顯變得脆弱。例如:當一個人極需要食物時,會不擇手段地搶奪食物(除了不可思議的日本人,他們在各種災難之後仍能保持井然有序)。人民在戰亂時,是不會排隊領麵包的。 以生理需求來激勵下屬時,假設人為報酬而工作。

• 激勵措施:增加工資、改善勞動條件、給予更多的業餘時間和工間休息、提高福利待遇。


(二)安全需求

安全需求(Safety needs),同樣屬於低級別的需求,其中包括對人身安全、生活穩定以及免遭痛苦、威脅或疾病等、錢。

• 缺乏安全感的特徵:感到自己對身邊的事物受到威脅,覺得這世界是不公平或是危險的。認為一切事物都是危險的、而變的緊張、徬徨不安、認為一切事物都是「惡」的。例如:一個孩子,在學校被同學欺負、受到老師不公平的對待,而開始變得不相信這社會,變得不敢表現自己、不敢擁有社交生活(因為他認為社交是危險的),而藉此來保護自身安全。一個成人,工作不順利,薪水微薄,養不起家人,而變的自暴自棄,每天利用喝酒,吸煙來尋找短暫的安逸感。

• 激勵措施:強調規章制度、職業保障、福利待遇,並保護員工不致失業,提供醫療保險、失業保險和退休福利、避免員工收到雙重的指令而混亂。


(三)社交需求(愛與隸屬需求)

社交需求(Love and belonging needs),屬於較高層次的需求,如:對友誼、愛情以及隸屬關係的需求。

• 缺乏社交需求的特徵:因為沒有感受到身邊人的關懷,而認為自己沒有價值活在這世界上。例如:一個沒有受到父母關懷的青少年,認為自己在家庭中沒有價值,所以在學校交朋友,無視道德觀和理性地積極地尋找朋友或是同類。譬如說:青少年為了讓自己融入社交圈中,幫別人做牛做馬,甚至吸煙,惡作劇等。

• 激勵措施:提供同事間社交往來機會,支持與讚許員工尋找及建立和諧溫馨的人際關係,開展有組織的體育比賽和集體聚會。


(四)尊重需求

尊重需求(Esteem needs),屬於較高層次的需求,如:成就、名聲、地位和晉陞機會等。尊重需求既包括對成就或自我價值的個人感覺,也包括他人對自己的認可與尊重。

• 無法滿足尊重需求的特徵:變的很愛面子,或是很積極地用行動來讓別人認同自己,也很容易被虛榮所吸引。例如:利用暴力來證明自己的強悍、努力讀書讓自己成為醫生、律師來證明自己在這社會的存在和價值、富豪為了自己名利而賺錢,或是捐款。

• 激勵措施:公開獎勵和表揚,強調工作任務的艱巨性以及成功所需要的高超技巧,頒發榮譽獎章、在公司刊物發表文章表揚、優秀員工光榮榜。


(五)自我實現需求

自我實現需求(Self-actualization),是最高層次的需求,包括針對於真善美至高人生境界獲得的需求,因此前面四項需求都能滿足,最高層次的需求方能相繼產生,是一種衍生性需求,如:自我實現,發揮潛能等。

• 缺乏自我實現需求的特徵:覺得自己的生活被空虛感給推動著,要自己去做一些身為一個「人」應該在這世上做的事,極需要有讓他能更充實自己的事物、尤其是讓一個人深刻的體驗到自己沒有白活在這世界上的事物。也開始認為,價值觀、道德觀勝過金錢、愛人、尊重和社會的偏見。例如:一個真心為了幫助他人而捐款的人。一位武術家、運動家把自己的體能練到極致,讓自己成為世界一流或是單純只為了超越自己。一位企業家,真心認為自己所經營的事業能為這社會帶來價值,而為了比昨天更好而工作。

• 激勵措施:設計工作時運用複雜情況的適應策略,給有特長的人委派特別任務,在設計工作和執行計劃時為下級留有餘地。

將我們的勇猛化為烈焰吧ヽ(◉∀◔)ノ

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